ER Diagram Symbols and Notation

You could say that the modern world runs on databases. Whether it’s a CRM, an online market, or a medical records software, virtually all businesses uses databases to track and serve their contacts, customers, or patients.

With data at the heart of every transaction and every query, designing efficient databases becomes an absolute priority to keep operations running smoothly (no pressure). Fortunately, there are many tools that can help engineers to design, document, and troubleshoot databases quickly. For example, consider entity relationship diagrams (ERDs).

ERDs help engineers visualize relationships between the many elements that are part of a system so they can make intelligent decisions about their work. Consequently, anyone planning on entering the field of database management or on working closely with database engineers should be well-versed in the basics of ERDs.

If you’re in need of a crash course or a quick refresher, we’ve put this guide together for you. Take a minute to brush up on your ERD savvy so you’ll be ready for your next database adventure.

Looking for a quick and easy way to build and share ER diagrams with your team? Try collaborative diagramming in Lucidchart!     

Data models

Before you look at specific symbols, it's important to understand the basics of ER diagrams. There are several ways to model entity-relationship diagrams depending on the amount of detail you want to provide.

The most high-level ER diagram is a conceptual data model followed by the logical data model. The lowest-level diagram—and therefore the most detailed—is the physical data model. Consult the chart below to see which diagram elements are included in each data model.

Conceptual data model

This ER model establishes a broad view of what should be included in the model set. Conceptual data models:

• Include important entities and the relationship between them.
• Do not specify attributes.
• Do not specify primary keys.

Conceptual ERDs can be used as the foundation for logical data models. They may also be used to form commonality relationships between ER models as a basis for data model integration.

Logical data model

This model contains more detail than the conceptual ER model, without regard to how information will be physically implemented in the database. Logical data models:

• Include all entities and relationships between them.
• Specify attributes for each entity.
• Specify primary keys for each entity.
• Specify foreign keys, which identify the relationship between different entities.
• Involve normalization.

Normalization is the process of removing redundancy in a table so that the table is easier to modify. Normalization typically occurs by dividing an entity table into two or more tables and defining relationships between the tables.

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Physical data model

The physical data model represents the process of adding information to the database. This model shows all table structures, including column name, column data type, column constraints, primary key, foreign key, and relationships between tables. Physical data models:

• Specify all tables and columns.
• Include foreign keys to identify relationships between tables.
• May include denormalization, depending on user requirements.
• May be significantly different from the logical data model.
• Will differ depending on which DBMS (database management system) is used.

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Conceptual ERD symbols

These symbols are generally used for conceptual data models, although some aspects may spill over into logical data models. They can be found in the UML Entity Relationship and Entity Relationship shape library of Lucidchart. If you don't see the shape you need, use an image file (Lucidchart supports PNG, JPG, or SVG import) or create your own with our existing shapes and styling options.

Entities

Entities are objects or concepts that represent important data. They are typically nouns, e.g. customer, supervisor, location, or promotion.

• Strong entities exist independently from other entity types. They always possess one or more attributes that uniquely distinguish each occurrence of the entity.
• Weak entities depend on some other entity type. They don't possess unique attributes (also known as a primary key) and have no meaning in the diagram without depending on another entity. This other entity is known as the owner.
• Associative entities are entities that associate the instances of one or more entity types. They also contain attributes that are unique to the relationship between those entity instances.

Relationships

Relationships are meaningful associations between or among entities. They are usually verbs, e.g. assign, associate, or track.

• Relationships provide useful information that could not be discerned with just the entity types.
• Weak relationships, or identifying relationships, are connections that exist between a weak entity type and its owner.

Attributes

• Attributes are characteristics of either an entity, a many-to-many relationship, or a one-to-one relationship.
• Multivalued attributes are those that are capable of taking on more than one value.
• Derived attributes are attributes whose value can be calculated from related attribute values.

Physical ERD symbols

The symbols below are used at the most granular level of ERDs—physical data models. Some elements are also used for logical data models.

• Tables are another way of representing entities.
• Fields represent attributes of the entity.
• Keys are one way to categorize attributes. A primary key is an attribute or combination of attributes that uniquely identifies one and only one instance of an entity. The primary key becomes a foreign key in any entity type to which it's related through a one-to-one or one-to-many relationship.
• Types may refer to the type of data associated with the corresponding field in a table. Types can also refer to entity types, which describe the structure of an entity (e.g. a book's entity types are author, title, and publish date).

ERD notation

Relationships illustrate an association between two tables. In the physical data model, relationships are represented by stylized lines.

Cardinality and ordinality, respectively, refer to the maximum number of times an instance in one entity can be associated with instances in the related entity, and the minimum number of times an instance in one entity can be associated with an instance in the related entity. Cardinality and ordinality are represented by the styling of a line and its endpoint, as denoted by the chosen notation style.

When it comes to notation, data modelers have many options to choose from. While crow's foot notation is widely accepted as the most intuitive style, some developers use OMT, IDEF, Bachman, or UML notation to indicate cardinality. Since crow's foot notation shows both minimum and maximum cardinality in an easy-to-read graphic format, Lucidchart offers crow's foot notation as the preferred style.

Make an ERD in Lucidchart

Now that you’re all caught up on ERD symbols and notation, try building your own ER diagram in Lucidchart. It’s free to use and offers every standard entity relationship shape so you can quickly build professional ER diagrams. When you’re done, export your design to MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, or Oracle to instantly generate a database. For extra credit, take a screenshot of your diagram and share it with us in the comments below (minus proprietary information of course)!

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